General (ret.) Miloslav Masopust

“Till 1939 I attended a Polish grammar school and after that I studied a so-called ten-year school. They (the Soviets) have abolished grammars schools and introduced the ten-year schools which were in used in the USSR. So we, who had studied at grammar schools and have been transferred to those ten-year schools, now excelled in everything and were exemplary students. So we functioned as course leaders, teachers at various trainings, and so on. But when the fascists came in 1941, they closed-down the ten-year schools and reestablished the Ukrainian grammar schools. So after that I attended Simeni Petljura Grammar School in Poland, in the town of Dubno. And this Simeni Petljura Grammar School was again closed by the Germans about 9 months later, and we all had to go to forced labour in Germany. In case you did not find some job in that region quickly enough, you were obliged to do forced labour in Germany. But we had acquaintances in various places, and thus I quickly got a job in a meat factory.”

“On our way we joined the Soviet tank unit, because, as I said, our army did not have a sufficient number of tanks for the tank attack. So we got in the tanks and approached the starting point for the attack while it was still dark. On the front, the fascists would naturally light the foreground with signal flares, from time to time they made an artillery or mine attack, but aside from that, there was portentous silence. The tanks stopped in the forest, further from the front edge, we jumped out of the tanks, helped to cover them; we did not need to dig trenches, because we could hide under the tanks. We crawled under the tanks and we were protected. Those tank drivers obviously told us so: ´Get under the tank, and you don’t need to dig anything.´ In Russian, naturally. And right after the dawn of the 8th, at 6:40 a.m., the guard mine-throwers, the katyushas, started a mighty fusillade, an artillery preparation. And you could not hear a single word. We were one next to each other, like we are now, but you could not hear what the guy next to you was saying. You had to shout right in his ear, it was terribly noisy there. And the fire was coming from all sides, grenades were whistling, and we did not know: Was it the Germans shooting, or our soldiers shooting, or what was going on? So we were pretty scared. But the tank drivers just said: Něbojtěs, eto art-podgotovka načalas.´”

“When I was with the sub-machine gunners we had no time. And then, when I joined the 5th artillery regiment, we had no free time, either. We had to bring supplies of food, of petrol, or ammunition. If they had had no ammunition, they would not have been able to fire a single shot, without petrol they wouldn’t be able to move the artillery, without food, they would die of hunger, right? So we had to keep going all the time, to be on the move, to head somewhere. And as I said, the supply units, the storehouses and so on, were far away, because the front kept advancing, and as I said, the Germans were retreating, and on their retreat they damaged railway tracks, roads were mined. If you drove off the shoulder of the road, you ran into a mine, it destroyed your vehicle.”

“The commander gave an order: ´Meeting here in 15 minutes.´ We packed our things in a minute and came back: ´Get in the car and go.´ - ´Go where?´ - ´You will see.´ On the front, you are not told where and why you are going, or where you will attack, because if you were captured by Germans, they would get all this information from you, you understand. So we arrived to Kroscienko, it was a small town, or rather a larger village, near Krosno, and we arrived to a school there. ´What shall we do here?´ - ´You are in a driving school.´ So we ended up in a driving school and we were taught how to drive. ´Have you ever driven this before?´ ´No, never.´ I have never driven a car, but I did not get much driving practice there either. ´So, get behind the steering wheel.´ So I sat in the driver’s seat and rode a few meters. ´Enough, stop!´- ´But I haven’t even…´ - ´You know how to drive.´ And then we took a test regarding the technical matters and driving, and I got my driver’s license.”

“We first encountered the fascist cunning, brutality, bloodthirstiness and aggressiveness in September 1939, when the fascist Germany attacked Beck’s Poland and after 20 days of fighting they advanced quickly, and approached a nearby railway station. The station’s name was Kosťaněc, near the eastern Polish border with the Soviet Union. …Those transports were crowded with refugees and wounded soldiers. And suddenly a modern airplane with Czechoslovak emblems appeared. And we said: ´Oh God, the Czechoslovaks came to help Poland, they will now fight the fascists. And the airplane descended, and since it had Czechoslovak signs, they did not open fire on it. It was a surveyor plane. And suddenly it began dropping bombs – on those transport trains, and shooting at the refugees from a machine gun. He was simply murdering those people. So we immediately knew these were not Czechoslovak airmen, but fascist pilots, who piloted the Czechoslovak airplanes that they had taken.”

“They (Germans) were murdering their own prisoners of war as well. This was inhumane, it goes against all the present regulations, right. Those captives were kept in a space, about this large, which was surrounded by barbed wire, and inside this enclosure, on a meadow, were the captives. And they did not feed them properly; they were slowly dying of hunger. And when we were going to school, we were passing by this POW camp, and they would beg us to give them something to eat, so we would throw them the snacks we had for our lunch break. And the fascists… they would either beat us with rifle butts, or with some truncheons they had, or just threaten that they would shoot us or something else. The prisoners had no shelter, so when it was raining, they were sitting in that mud, and that was how they lived there. And of course, those who were wounded were dying.”

“A ghetto was set up in the town, and all Jews, not only those from Dubno, but from the whole area, were forced to go there, and they robbed them of everything. And when there was nothing left to take, they threatened them: ´If you don’t give us x kilograms of silver, x kilograms of gold, and such a number of leather coats, we will execute every tenth of you.´ And they did. And when the Jews had nothing left, ´We will exterminate the whole ghetto.´ And so they did. They transported them behind Dubno, there was an airfield, the Soviets were building an airfield there, so there were pits dug out for planned construction of hangars. And there they had to undress, fold their clothes into one pile, and then they were shot. And when the Germans were then looking at the dead, they fired another shots to finish off those who seemed still alive. And some, when they regained consciousness, dug themselves out of the pits and crawled into a nearby village and there they were hiding, so when the Germans then came there and found out that somebody was hiding them, they murdered the whole family including the Jew. So what was happening there really was a horrifying massacre of people.”

“So I am ing. Miloslav Masopust, colonel in retirement, I was born September 26th 1924 in Český Straklov in Volhynia, Dubno district, so this was the former western Ukraine, subject to Poland till 1939, after 1939 it became occupied by the Soviet Union. I am a former member of the 1st Czechoslovak army corps in the Soviet Union; till Dukla I served in the independent brigade of tank sub-machine gunners, commanded by the Hero of the Soviet Union, later the general, Antonín Sochor.”